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Masquerade in Mende culture
Public masquerades play an extremely significant role in Mende life. Art History Ruth B. Philips writes that Mende masquerades "are a means of mediating between the general community and the medicine societies that are central to Mende social life. Through masking performances, the public is kept informed of important events which occur in the private domain and is enabled to witness and to share in rituals that transform the status of relatives and friends. The masquerades make visible the powerful medicines (''haleisa'', sing. ''hale'') of these sodalities without compromising their essential mystery. Maskers personify and dramatize the powers of the medicines and elicit ritualized gestures of respect and tribute from the spectators. At the same time participants and audience drawn into a common sphere of performance, aesthetically heightened by theater, music and dance."
The Mende define the visual features and performance of each masker in relation to a standard set of masquerades. The occasions for each masquerade are fixed according to an annual calendar of ritual and secular events and, within a single celebration, there is a carefully orchestrated sequence of masquerades.
==''Hale''==
The standard set of Mende maskers includes about a dozen personalities embodying spirits of varying degrees of power and importance. The most important of these personify and embody the powerful spirits belonging to the medicine societies: the ''goboi'' and ''gbini'' of the Poro society, the ''sowei'' of the Sande society, and the ''njaye'' and ''humoi'' maskers belonging to the eponymous medicine societies. ''Hale'', meaning "medicine," is a material substance found in nature that has powerful inherent properties that the officials of Mende society know how to manipulate. The maskers of a medicine society embodies the spirit (''ngafa'') as well as the power associated with its ''hale''; the Mende refer to maskers by both of these terms.〔
''Hale'' can also refer to a secret society, such as Poro or Sande, to which Mende people are initiated.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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